Appendix 1: Footnotes

1 Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, et al. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(2):217-229. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.005.

2 Bonnie RJ, O’Connell ME, eds. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2004.

3 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports. Atlanta, GA; 2015. www.cdc.gov/psr/docs/psr-factsheet-2015.pdf.

4 Wagenaar AC, Salois MJ, Komro KA. Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: A meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies. Addiction. 2009;104(2):179-190. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02438.x.

5 Cook PJ. Paying the Tab: The Costs and Benefits of Alcohol Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2007.

6 Kenkel DS. Are alcohol tax hikes fully passed through to prices? Evidence from Alaska. Am Econ Rev. 2005;95(2):273-277. doi:10.1257/000282805774670284.

7 Young DJ, Bielinska-Kwapisz A. Alcohol taxes and beverage prices. Natl Tax J. 2002;55(1):57-73. www.ntanet.org/NTJ/55/1/ntj-v55n01p57-73-alcohol-taxes-beverage-prices.pdf.

8 Wagenaar AC, Tobler AL, Komro KA. Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: A systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2270-2278. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186007.

9 Staras SAS, Livingston MD, Christou AM, Jernigan DH, Wagenaar AC. Heterogeneous population effects of an alcohol excise tax increase on sexually transmitted infections morbidity. Addiction. 2014;109(6):904-912. doi:10.1111/add.12493.

10 Coate D, Grossmann M. Effects of alcoholic beverage prices and legal drinking ages on youth alcohol use. J Law Econ. 1988;31(1):145-171. doi:10.1086/467152.

11 Daley JI, Stahre MA, Chaloupka FJ, Naimi TS. The impact of a 25-cent-per-drink alcohol tax increase. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(4):382-389. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.12.008.

12 Kenkel DS. Drinking, driving, and deterrence: The effectiveness and social costs of alternative policies. J Law Econ. 1993;36(2):877-913. doi:10.1086/467301.

13 Dent CW, Grube JW, Biglan A. Community level alcohol availability and enforcement of possession laws as predictors of youth drinking. Prev Med. 2005;40(3):355-362. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a15ae8.Screening.

14 Nelson TF, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Wechsler H. The state sets the rate: The relationship among state-specific college binge drinking, state binge drinking rates, and selected state alcohol control policies. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(3):441-446. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.043810.

15 Xuan Z, Blanchette JG, Nelson TF, et al. Youth drinking in the United States: Relationships with alcohol policies and adult drinking. Pediatrics. 2015;136(1):18-27. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0537.

16 Esser MB, Hedden SL, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Gfroerer JC, Naimi TS. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009-2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E206. doi:10.5888/pcd11.140329.

17 Cook PJ, Tauchen G. The effect of liquor taxes on heavy drinking. Bell J Econ. 1982;13(2):379-390. doi:10.2307/3003461.

18 Xu X, Chaloupka FJ. The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Res Heal. 2011;34(2):236-345. www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3860576&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

19 Esser MB, Waters H, Smart M, Jernigan DH. Impact of Maryland’s 2011 alcohol sales tax increase on alcoholic beverage sales. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(4):404-411. doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1150485.

20 Pacula RL. Does increasing the beer tax reduce marijuana consumption? J Health Econ. 1998;17(5):557-585. doi:10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00039-8.

21 Alcohol-Related Harms. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/psr/NationalSummary/NSARH.aspx. Accessed May 25, 2016.

22 Prevention Status Reports 2013. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. www.cdc.gov/psr/2013/index.html. Accessed December 11, 2015.

23 Babor T, Caetano C, Casswell S, et al. Alcohol No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.

24 US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General’s Workshop on Drunk Driving: Proceedings. Washington, D.C.; 1989. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/NNBBBW. Accessed May 25, 2016.

25 Alcohol–Excessive Consumption: Increasing Alcohol Taxes. The Community Guide website. www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/increasingtaxes.html. Accessed October 21, 2015.

26 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges. Bethesda, MD; 2002. www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/TaskForceReport.pdf.

27 World Health Organization. Scaling up Action against Noncommunicable Diseases: How Much Will It Cost? Geneva, Switzerland; 2011. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502313_eng.pdf.

28 Welcome to the Alcohol Policy Information System. Alcohol Policy Information System website. https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/. Accessed June 13, 2016.

29 Kerr WC, Patterson D, Greenfield TK, et al. U.S. alcohol affordability and real tax rates, 1950–2011. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(5):459-464. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.007.

30 Sparks M, Jernigan DH, Mosher JF. Strategizer 55: Regulating Alcohol Outlet Density. Baltimore, MD; 2011. www.camy.org/action/Outlet_Density/_includes/Outlet Density Strategizer_Nov_2011.pdf.

31 Kerr WC, Williams E, Greenfield TK. Analysis of price changes in Washington following the 2012 liquor privatization. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50(6):654-660. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv067.

32 Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, et al. Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: A community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(4):418-427. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002.

33 US Department of Health and Human Services. Report to Congress on the Prevention and Reduction of Underage Drinking. Washington, D.C.; 2013. www.store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA11-4645/SMA11-4645.pdf.

34 Klitzner M. Improving the Measurement of State Alcohol Taxes. Bethesda, MD; 2012. https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/uploads/improving_the_measurement_of_state_alcohol_taxes.pdf.

35 Xuan Z, Chaloupka FJ, Blanchette JG, et al. The relationship between alcohol taxes and binge drinking: Evaluating new tax measures incorporating multiple tax and beverage types. Addiction. 2015;110(3):441-450. doi:10.1111/add.12818.

36 Beer Institute. The Brewers Alamac 2015. Washington, D.C.; 2015.

37 Alcohol Rates 2000-2010, 2013-2017. Tax Policy Center Urban Institute & Brookings Institution website. www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/alcohol-rates-2000-2010-2013-2015. Accessed June 2, 2016.

38 Chicago, Illinois, Municipal Code § 3-44-030.

39 Mosher JF, Adler SS, Pamukcu AM, Treffers RD. Review of State Laws Restricting Local Authority to Impose Alcohol Taxes in the United States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017;78(2):241-248. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.241.

40 Sacks JJ, Gonzales KR, Bouchery EE, Tomedi LE, Brewer RD. 2010 National and State costs of excessive alcohol consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):e73-e79. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.031.

41 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. FY 2013 President’s Budget Submission. Washington, D.C.; 2013. www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/Documents/9 – FY 2013 TTB CJ.pdf.

42 Alcohol Tax Revenue 1977 to 2014. Tax Policy Center Urban Institute & Brookings Institution website. www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?DocID=399&Topic2id=90&Topic3id=92. Accessed May 23, 2017.

43 Excessive Drinking is Draining the U.S. Economy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. www.cdc.gov/Features/costsofdrinking/index.html. Accessed July 3, 2016.

44 Alaska Stat. §§ 43.60.010, 43.60.050.

45 N.J. Stat. §§ 26:2B-32, 54:43-1.1.

46 Consumer Costs and Job Impacts from State Alcohol Tax Increases. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health website. www.camy.org/research-to-practice/price/alcohol-tax-tool/index.html. Accessed June 13, 2016.

47 Jones JM. Drinking Highest Among Educated, Upper-Income Americans. GALLUP. www.gallup.com/poll/184358/drinking-highest-among-educated-upper-income-americans.aspx. Published June 27, 2015.

48 US Department of Health and Human Services. CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report — United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA; 2013. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6004.pdf.

49 Diaz MC, Chaloupka FJ, Jernigan DH. The Effects of Alcohol Excise Tax Increases on Public Health and Safety in Texas. Austin, TX: Texans Standing Tall; 2015. http://texansstandingtall.org/pdfs/15_Alcohol_ExciseReport.pdf.

50 Kunz JL, Graham K. Drinking patterns, psychosocial characteristics and alcohol consequences. Addiction. 1998;93(7):1079-1090. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.937107912.x.

51 Wada R, Chaloupka FJ, Powell LM, Jernigan DH. Employment Impacts of Alcohol Taxes. American Public Health Association website. https://apha.confex.com/apha/142am/webprogram/Paper306417.html. Accessed May 25, 2016.

52 Mangione TW, Howland J, Amick B, et al. Employee drinking practices and work performance. J Stud Alcohol. 1999;60(2):261-270. doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.261.

53 Ames GM, Grube JW. Alcohol availability and workplace drinking: mixed method analyses. J Stud Alcohol. 1999;60(3):383-393.

54 Frone MR. Prevalence and distribution of alcohol use and impairment in the workplace: A U.S. national survey. J Stud Alcohol. 2006;67(1):147-156.

55 Jernigan DH, Waters H, Ross C, Stewart A. The Potential Economic Effects of Alcohol Excise Tax Increases in Maryland. Baltimore, MD; 2011. http://cdn.s3-media.wbal.com/Media/Archive/1a5a058c-0818-45e1-aa3b-f8e7a84eaf60/original.pdf.

56 Stehr M. Border Crossing to Purchase Alcoholic Beverages. Philadelphia, PA; 2005. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.571.6564&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

57 Stehr M. The effect of sunday sales bans and excise taxes on drinking and cross– border shopping for alcoholic beverages. Natl Tax J. 2007;60(1):85-105. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=24699958&site=ehost-live.

58 Beard TR, Gant PA, Saba RP. Border-crossing sales, tax avoidance, and state tax policies: an application to alcohol. South Econ J. 1997;64(1):293-306. doi:10.2307/1061053.

59 Ye Y, Kerr WC. Estimated increase in cross-border purchases by Washington residents following liquor privatization and implications for alcohol consumption trends. Addiction. 2016;111(11):1948-1953. doi:10.1111/add.13481.

60 Nesbit TM, King-Adzima KA. The Revenue Impacts of Cross-Border Sales and Tourism: Wine and Liquor Taxation in West Virginia and Its Neighors. Charleston, SC; 2011. www.commonwealthfoundation.org/docLib/20110901_WVBorderbleed.pdf.

61 Fleenor P. How Excise Tax Differentials Affect Interstate Smuggling and Cross-Border Sales of Cigarettes in the United States. Washington, D.C.; 1999. www.taxfoundation.org/files/4cd5774343c1f82447a1381a01c62980.pdf.

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