Appendix 1: Footnotes

1 Campbell CA, Hahn R a., Elder R, et al. The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(6):556-569. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.028.

2 Mosher JF, Treffers RD. State pre-emption, local control, and alcohol retail outlet density regulation. Am J Prev ,Med. 2013;44(4):399-405. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.029.

3 Prevention Status Reports 2013 Alcohol-Related Harms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. www.cdc.gov/psr/2013/alcohol/index.html. Accessed May 26, 2016.

4 Fact Sheets – Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use. Centers for Disease Control website. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/prevention.htm. Accessed May 5, 2016.

5 Babor T, Caetano C, Casswell S, et al. Regulating the physical availability of alcohol. In: Alcohol No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010:127-146.

6 Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Carlin BP, et al. The association between density of alcohol establishments and violent crime within urban neighborhoods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(8):1468-1473. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01753.x.

7 Smith LA, Foxcroft DR. The effect of alcohol advertising, marketing and portrayal on drinking behaviour in young people: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:51. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-51.

8 Anderson P, De Bruijn A, Angus K, Gordon R, Hastings G. Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(3):229-243. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn115.

9 Roncek DW, Maier PA. Bars, blocks, and crimes revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of “hot spots.” Criminology. 1991;29(4):725-753. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01086.x.

10 Zhang X, Hatcher B, Clarkson L, et al. Changes in density of on-premises alcohol outlets and impact on violent crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997-2007. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12(8):E84. doi:10.5888/pcd12.140317.

11 Sparks M, Jernigan DH, Mosher JF. Strategizer 55: Regulating Alcohol Outlet Density. Baltimore, MD; 2011. www.camy.org/action/Outlet_Density/_includes/Outlet Density Strategizer_Nov_2011.pdf.

12 National Alcohol Beverage Control Association. 2013-2014 Survey Book. Alexandria, VA; 2014.

13 Center for the Study of Law and Enforcement Policy. Best Practices in Municipal Regulation to Reduce Alcohol-Related Harms from Licensed Alcohol Outlets. Felton, CA; 2014. www.venturacountylimits.org/resource_documents/VC_BestPractAlcSales_Jan2014fnl.pdf.

14 Lipton R, Gruenewald P. The spatial dynamics of violence and alcohol outlets. J Stud Alcohol. 2002;63(2):187-195. doi:dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.187.

15 Wittmann FD. Restaurants That “Morph” into Bars and Nightclubs in California Communities: What’s the Problem and What Can Be Done About It? Santa Rosa, CA; 2012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002797.3.

16 The Control Systems. National Alcohol Beverage Control Association website. www.nabca.org/States/States.aspx. Accessed June 23, 2016.

17 Welcome to the Alcohol Policy Information System. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website. http://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov. Accessed June 22, 2016.

18 Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, et al. Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: A community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(4):418-427. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002.

19 Alcohol – Excessive Consumption: Privatization of Retail Alcohol Sales. The Community Guide website. www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/privatization.html. Accessed May 8, 2017.

20 Livingston M. A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and assault. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(6):1074-1079. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00669.x.

21 Weitzman ER, Folkman A, Folkman KL, Wechsler H. The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Heal Place. 2003;9(1):1-6. doi:10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00014-X.

22 Berke EM, Tanski SE, Demidenko E, Alford-Teaster J, Shi X, Sargent JD. Alcohol retail density and demographic predictors of health disparities: A geographic analysis. Am J Public Heal. 2010;100(10):1967-1971. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170464.

23 Gruenewald PJ, Freisthler B, Remer L, LaScala EA, Treno A. Ecological models of alcohol outlets and violent assaults: crime potentials and geospatial analysis. Addiction. 2006;101(5):666-677. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01405.x.

24 US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. Rockville, MD; 2007. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44360/.

25 Mosher JF, Mottl JR. The role of non-alcohol agencies in federal regulation of drinking behavior and consequences. In: Moore MH, Gersein DR, eds. Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1981:388-458.

26 Flournoy R. Healthy Food, Healthy Communities: Promising Strategies to Improve Access to Fresh, Healthy Food and Transform Communities. Oakland, CA; 2011. www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/HFHC_FULL_FINAL_20120110.PDF.

27 The Alameda County Public Health Department. Life and Death from Unnatural Causes: Health and Social Equitiy in Alameda County. Oakland, CA; 2008. www.acphd.org/media/53628/unnatcs2008.pdf.

28 Romley JA, Cohen D, Ringel J, Sturm R. Alcohol and environmental justice: The density of liquor stores and bars in urban neighborhoods in the United States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(1):48-55.

29 Bodor JN, Ulmer VM, Dunaway LF, Farley TA, Rose D. The rationale behind small food store interventions in low-income urban neighborhoods: Insights from New Orleans. J Nutr. 2010;140(6):1185-1188. doi:10.3945/jn.109.113266.

30 Alwitt LF, Donley TD. Retail stores in poor urban neighborhoods. J Consum Aff. 1997;31(1):139-164. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1997.tb00830.x.

31 Morland K, Wing S, Roux AD, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(1):23-29. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00403-2.

32 Truong KD, Sturm R. Alcohol environments and disparities in exposure associated with adolescent drinking in California. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(2):264-270. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122077.

33 Gruenewald PJ. Regulating availability: How access to alcohol affects drinking and problems in youth and adults. Alcohol Res Heal. 2011;34(2):248-256.

34 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports. Atlanta, GA; 2015. www.cdc.gov/psr/docs/psr-factsheet-2015.pdf.

35 Alcohol-Related Harms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/psr/NationalSummary/NSARH.aspx. Accessed June 22, 2016.

36 Prevention Status Reports 2013. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. www.cdc.gov/psr/2013/index.html. Accessed December 11, 2015.

37 The Community Preventive Task Force. Recommendations for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms by limiting alcohol outlet density. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(6):570-571. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.021.

38 US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General’s Workshop on Drunk Driving: Proceedings. Washington, D.C.; 1989. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/NNBBBW. Accessed May 25, 2016.

39 Padilla AM, Morrissey L. Place of last drink by repeat DUI offenders: A retrospective study of gender and ethnic group differences. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1993;15(3):357-372. doi:10.1177/07399863930153005.

40 Naimi TS, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. Driving after binge drinking. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(4):314-320. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.013.

41 Floresta Inc. v. City Council, 190 Cal. App. 2d 599, 605 (1961).

42 Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 23790.

43 Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 23790.5.

44 Mosher JF, Cannon C, Treffers R. Reducing Community Alcohol Problems Associated with Alcohol Sales: The Case of Deemed Approved Ordinances in California. Felton, CA; 2009. http://smtp.venturacountylimits.org/resource_documents/VC_CommAlcProb_1upPress_FNL.pdf.

45 Guide to Community Preventive Services. Alcohol – Excessive Consumption: Regulation of Alcohol Outlet Density. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/alcohol-excessive-consumption-regulation-alcohol-outlet-density. Page last updated: November 08, 2017. Page accessed: February 23, 2018.

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